The parties to government procurement refer to the principal entities of all kinds that enjoy rights and undertake obligations in government procurement, including the procuring entities, the （）and the procuring agencies.

There are strategies typically deal with threats or risk that may have negative impacts on project objectives if they occur, some other strategies are suggested to deal with risks with potentially positive impacts. （）is a risk response strategy that may be adopted for either threats or opportunities.

In the process of communication requirement analysis, the project manager should consider the number of potential communication channels or paths as an indicator of the complexity of a project's communication. According to Metcalfe's Law, a project with 10 stakeholders has（）potential communication channels.

A （）is a collection of projects and other work that are grouped together to facilitate effective management ofthat work to meet strategic business objectives.

Quality planning tools are often used to help plan effective quality management activities . （）is one of such tools, which involves company actual or planned project practices to those or other projects to generate ideas for improvement and to provide a basis by which to measure performance.